Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of body perception image training on functional recovery of upper limb in stroke patients, not image training with visual stimulation for specific task. Methods: Thirty inpatients(15males, 15females) who were diagnosed as stroke participated with agreement in this study, also they were divided randomly by experimental and control groups. Before traditional therapeutic exercise, body perception image training was performed in experimental group, as well as control group took a rest, respectively. Body perception image training program was modified using body scan part of Mindfulness Based on Stress Reduction(MBSR) for present study, then it was spplied individually for 4weeks, 5days a week for 10 min. To determine the effects of this training program, data of muscle activities were collected and analyzed from biceps brachii, upper trapezius and deltoid muscles through electromyogram(EMG). Results: By comparison of changes in muscle activities, both experimental and control groups showed significant increase of muscle activities from all theree of muscles after therapeutic intervention(p<.001). In particular, increment of upper trapezius muscle activity in experimental group was markedly higher than control group(p<.05). Conclusion: These results may indicate that traditional therapeutic exercise combined with body perception image training result in increase of muscle activity of upper limb, suggesting it is beneficial for functional recovery in stroke patients.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of implicit, explicit, and similar task learning strategies on the performance and learning of a badminton overhead stroke skill. Methods: Participants were 40 right handed male undergraduate students whose age ranged from 18 to 27, with a mean age of 21.5 years. They were randomly assigned into one of four experimental conditions: (1) explicit group, (2) implicit group, (3) similar task learning, and (4) a control group, respectively. The participants performed a badminton overhead stroke (receive returning) task for 40 times in the acquisition phase, 20 times in the retention phase and 20 times in the delayed retention phase a week later. A 4(groups)ⅹ4(types of learning phrase), 4(group) ⅹ2(types of learning phrase), and 4(group)ⅹ2(types of learning phrase) ANOVAs with repeated measures were used for the acquisition, retention and long term retention phases, respectively. Dependent variables were absolute error(AE) and variable error(VE). Results: The results of the study indicated that the explicit group, implicit group and the similar learning group presented less error score than the control group. Specially, the similar task learning group had less error score than the explicit group. In regard to variable error, the similar task learning group and the implicit group showed less error score than the explicit group and the control group. For the retention phase, the result indicated that the explicit group, implicit group and the similar task group had lower error score than the control group. For the long term retention phase, the result presented that the explicit group, implicit group and the similar task learning group had lower error score than the control group. Specially in absolute error, the similar task group showed lower error score than the explicit, implicit, and the control group. Taken together, the results of this investigation revealed that the implicit and similar task learning groups showed statistically less error than the control group. Although there were no significant differences between the similar learning group and the implicit condition, the similar task group has a tendency to decrease variable in acquisition and retention phases. Conclusion: The similar task learning strategy may have more potential to improve motor skill learning than those of explicit strategy.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Sport psychological skill training(PST) based on positive psychology on psychological variables and frontal EEG asymmetry, a psychophysiological index of affect, motivation and anxiety. Methods: Participants were seven shooting athletes whose mean age were 18.3 years. They participated 8 sessions of positive psychology-based psychological skill training program which consisted of a 60 min short lecture and group counseling sessions. Psychological variables (affect, psychological skill, and state sport confidence) and cortical activation at F3, F4, F7, F8, T3, T4 were collected under two conditions(before and after competition recall) before and after 8 sessions of psychological skill training. Electroencephalography(EEG) asymmetry scores and cortical activation at left and right each electrode sites were analyzed. Results: State sport confidence was increased following PST. Before PST, frontal EEG alpha asymmetry scores(FAS) after competition recall was lower compared to FAS before competition recall. However, FAS was not decreased after competition recall following PST. Conclusion: These results suggest that sport psychological skill training based on positive psychology appears to increase state sport confidence and to enhance cortical activation at left frontal region, which is related to positive affect and approach motivation.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare stress and anger in A/B personality type individuals in relations to physical activity participation. Methods: A total of 276 undergraduate students responded to the FTA (Framinham A Type Behavior) tool and the Stress Response indicator (SRI), and the Korean version of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). Using physical activity stages of change questions, physical activity level was categorized. In order to find the varying levels of anger and stress across different physical activity participation, two-way ANOVAs were performed. Results: Personality type A individuals were found to have higher stress levels than personality type B individuals. Physical activity group showed lower levels of stress regardless of personality type. In addition, physical activity group had lower levels of anger across both type A and B personality types. A interaction effect was found on somatization. While personality type B individuals showed similar responses on somatization and trait anger across physical activity and non-physical activity groups, non-physical activity individuals with type A with had much higher somatization and trait anxiety compared to physical activity counterparts. Conclusion: Individuals with personality type A could reduce their stress and anger by exercising, resulting in lower risk for coronary artery disease.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to examine the physical and psychological benefits afforded by a 6-week yoga program for breast cancer survivors. Methods: Eligible participants (per-screened) were to the intervention group 17. All participants completed pre- and post-testing assessments immediately before and after the Mindfulness yoga program. Statistical analyses were paired samples t-test by SPSS 19.0. Results: The Mindfulness yoga program participants(female) included primarily breast cancer survivors, on average 46.5 months post-diagnosis. Significant differences between pre and post at post-intervention were seen only in psychosocial(i.e. QOL; Role function, Appetite loss, Constipation and PSQI) Finally, there were also significant improvements in the program participants from pre- to post-intervention on physical variables(Weight, BMI). Conclusion: The mindfulness yoga program has a positive effect on Quality of life in Breast cancer survivors. Future research might attempt to include control group and a longer program duration.

Purpose: Therefore, social desirability, one of common method biases, influenced the research model. This study is intended to verify the mediation effect of self-actualization in the influential relationship between quality of life and the perceived sense of freedom of middle-aged adults participating in the mountain climbing activity. Method: In order to carry out this study, 289 male and female adults who reached the top of mount K were selected through random sampling. In order to analyze data, we carried out descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation test, structural equation modeling analysis, and multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Result: In the analysis results, correlation among all variables was shown. And it was shown that middle-aged adults`` self-actualization full mediated relationship between perceived sense of freedom and quality of life. In the measurement invariance test results, the goodness-of-fit of model according to gender and age was tested. Therefore, research participants`` cross validation was ensured with regard to measurement instrument. Conclusion: Through these results, in case of middle-aged adults who participated in the mountain climbing activity, it was verified that a leisure activity selected by themselves had an effect on the quality of life through self-actualization.

Purpose: Studies on craving may be conducted for exercise addiction, which is one part of behavioral addiction, just like many studies that focused on craving for behavioral addiction. Hence, the objective of this study is to develop and validate scale that can measure craving for exercise. Methods: To develop the scale to measure the craving for exercise, 37 preliminary questionnaire items were selected based on the literature review and previous studies. Adult men and women who exercise more than 30 minutes once a week were set as the population. For sampling, survey focused on 300 adults full aged above 19 and below 80 through purposed cluster. The survey was performed two times. Analysis of questions and exploratory factors was performed based on data collected in the 1st survey. Analysis of confirmatory factor sand verification of cross/convergent validity were performed based on data collected in the 2nd survey. Results: First, measurement tools of exercise craving were structured into eight questions on single factors based on analysis of exploratory factors. Second, measurement tools of exercise craving deliver reliability. Third, measurement tools of exercise craving have structural validity based on analysis of confirmatory factors. Fourth, measurement tools of exercise craving verified their convergent/predictive validity. Conclusion: This study suggested the possibility of conducting studies on craving in exercise psychology studies, as well, at a time when no studies on exercise craving were conducted and developed an scale with which exercise craving can be measured in a reliable and valid manner. These all serve as new data applicable to future studies on exercise psychology.

Psychological Momentum Events, Badminton Competition, Positive Momentum, Negative Momentum

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of the coach-athlete relationship in relationships between perceived passion and burnout in adolescent athletes. Methods: Participants (N=366) completed the questionnaires of the perceived passion, athlete burnout, and coach-athlete relationship. SPSS18.0 was used to calculate the descriptive statistics, correlations, and AMOS 16.0 were used for confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. Results: Harmonious passion positively predicted the coach-athlete relationship, whereas obsessive passion did not. The coach-athlete relationship negatively predicted all three dimensions of athlete burnout. Harmonious was also negatively predictive of all three athlete burnout dimensions, whereas obsessive passion was only positively predictive of sport devaluation. The relationships between perceived passion and athlete burnout were mediated by the coach-athlete relationship. Conclusion: It is of importance to note that high quality of the coach-athlete relationship helps adolescent athletes decrease or prevent burnout. Harmoniously passionate athletes may have higher quality of the coach-athlete relationship and in turn have less athlete burnout syndrome.

Purpose: The purpose of this study were the evaluation and effects of mindfulness? acceptance, commitment(MAC) approach on psychological flexibility and golf performance in elite golfer. Methods: The participants of this study was the three golfers registered by KLPGA. All of golfers received the same measures given at pre- and post-7 treatment : Acceptance & Action Questionnaire-16(AAQ-16: Bond et al 2000), golf performance (scores average, putting average, birdies average, GIR %, par save% par break%, recover average). MAC strategies of this study were mindfulness, acceptance, defusion, commitment, and value. Results: during 7 treatments of mindfulness·acceptance commitment, acceptance & action (psychological flexibility) and golf performance of three golfers was improved. Conclusion: MAC training is evaluated to contribute to improve the psychological flexibility and golf performance. Therefore, it is necessary to experience the MAC training for the psychological stability and continuous performance improvement of the golf players. In particular, it is recommended to learn psychological flexibility to focus on current awareness, non-judgmental acceptance, decentralized attention of mindfulness, and commitment for value behavior. The details of the results are discussed.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the mediating effects of athletic identity and approach-avoidance motivation on relations between controlling coach behaviors perceived by adolescent athletes and athletic burnout from the perspective of the Self-Determination Theory(Deci & Ryan, 1985). Methods: The subjects include 407 middle and high school athletes(boys=220, girls=187) attending an athletic or general middle and high school in the Seoul metropolitan region and Chungcheong Province. Collected data were put to the fitness test of the overall model and hypothesis test with SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0. Results: The findings were as follows: first, athletic identity turned out to have mediating effects on relations between controlling coaching behaviors and athletic burnout. Second, the mastery-approach and performance-avoidance of approach-avoidance motivation had mediating effects on relations between controlling coaching behaviors and athletic burnout. Finally, both athletic identity and the mastery-approach, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance of approach-avoidance motivation had mediating effects on relations between controlling coaching behaviors and athletic burnout. Conclusion: Those findings show that coaches`` controlling coach behaviors induce negative athletic identity and avoidance motivation and thus facilitate athletic burnout.

Purpose: This study purported to understand the process by depth approaches to Choking Under Pressure in golf players. Methods: In order to achieve the study purpose, we used the grounded theory approach that was a widely used qualitative analysis. We selected six golfers as study participants who are KPGA and KLPGA members. The participants were given in-depth interview using unstructured and semi-structured format. The interview was recorded and transcribed using a recording player under the agreement of the participants, and information was collected through text data as well as in-depth interview. For data analysis, constant comparative analysis was performed by collecting and analyzing the data simultaneously based on the open coding, axial coding, and selective coding procedure of grounded theory. Results: By the processes mentioned above, 90 concepts, 21 sub-categories, 11 categories were derived. Our data showed that causal situation in axial coding is under the pressures of golf with the negative thought and contextual condition is important moment, environmental influence. In addition, main phenomenon is differential condition and intervening situation is ‘psychological training’, ‘perceptions of main factor’ and interaction strategy is ‘psychological afterimage remove’, ‘focus the golf’, ‘change the environment. Specially consequence is slowly escape. Conclusion: core category is escape from differential condition and according to type are Mental dependent type, Practice dependent type, Let-it-go type. Also, process analysis is step of risk, making an effort, finding my own way and escape.